Virno顯然對於Negri and Micheal Hardt的理論提出了批判性質疑。人民與諸眾的 概念各別是Hobbes與Spinoza提出來的。對於Spinoza而言，Multitude代表了無法化約為一的複數性，而對Hobbes而言，Multitude則是反政府、反人民、威脅「一」的負面概念。“The multitude, according to Hobbes, shuns political unity, resists authority, does not enter into lasting agreements, never attains the status of juridical person because it never transfers its own natural rights to the sovereign.” (23)

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