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Course Purpose
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¥»ªù½Òªº³]p©v¦®¦b©ó¨ó§U¾Ç¥Í³z¹L¸ó¾Ç¬ìªº«ä¦Ò¸ô®|¡A¶i¤J¤å¤Æ¬ã¨sªº¸g¨å½×µÛ»P®Ö¤ßijÃD¡C§Ú̱N±´°Qªº±¦V°Ï¤À¬°¤T¤j³æ¤¸¡G
1. ¦³Ãö¤å¤Æªº°ÝÃD¡G¤å¤Æªº²Å¸¹¸àÄÀ¡B®Ñ¼gªºÅv«Â¡B»ö¦¡ªíºtªº¦æ°Ê¸`«µ¡B¶¥¯Å»P´Þ¥Á
2. ¦³Ãö²{¥N©Ê»PªÀ·|ªº°ÝÃD¡GªÀ·|»P·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡B²{¥N²z©Ê»PÅv¤O¡B°Ó«~Åʪ«¡BªÀ·|¶°Åéªí¼x¡Bª¾Ãѽ׻PªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç
3. ¦³Ãö¥DÅé»P¼¤±æªº°ÝÃD¡G±q©Ê§O»P¨Åé¡A¨ì¤å¤Æ¥LªÌ»P¶H¼x¥æ´«¡A±q¯«¸Ü×Ãã»P½×z¦A²{¡A¨ì¾ú¥v°O¾Ð¤§¸àÄÀ¥H¤Î¦@¦PÅ骺·Q¹³
¡¯¥i°Ñ¦Ò
¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s·§½×(2001)
¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s·§½×(2002)
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§@·~n¨D Assignment
Requirements
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Course Calendar
²Ä¤@¶g 2003.9.16 ¾É½×¡G±Â½Ò±Ð®v¤Þ¨¥¡X¤°»ò¬O¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s¡H
Smith, M.J., 2003, Social Science in Question¡mªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç·§»¡¡n,
Open U. Press, Chapter 6.
Giroux, H., D. Shumway, P. Smith, and J. Sosnoski, 1995, ¡§The
Need for Cultural Studies: Resisting Intellectuals and Oppositional
Public Spheres¡¨, in A Cultural Studies Reader: History, Theory,
Practice, J. Munn and G. Rajan eds., London: Longman, pp.
613-645.
Nelson, C., 1996, ¡§Always Already Cultural Studies¡¨, in What
is Cultural Studies: A Reader, J. Storey ed., New York: Arnold,
pp. 273-287.
Fiske, J., 1992, ¡§Cultural Studies and the Culture of Everyday
Life¡¨, in Cultural Studies, L. Grossberg et al eds.,
London: Routledge, pp. 154-164.
³æ¤¸¤@¡G¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s¤¤ªº¤å¤Æ¦M¾÷¡]³¯«³Åï¡^
²Ä¤G¶g 2003.9.23 ²Å¸¹¤ÀªR»P¤å¤Æ¸àÄÀ¡G¤@Ó¤Á¤JÂI
*Barthes, R., 1993 (1958), Mythologies, London: Vintage,
¡§The World of Wrestling¡¨
*Geertz, C., 1973, Thick Description, in The Interpretation
of Cultures¡m¤å¤Æªº¸ÑÄÀ¡n, Basic Books.
+Douglas, M., 1991 (1966), Purity and Danger, London:
Routledge, Chapters 2-3.
+Boon, J.A., 1982, Other Tribes, Other Scribes: Symbolic
Anthropology in the Comparative Study of Cultures, Histories,
Religions and Texts, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 1.
Sahlins, M.D., 1976, Culture and Practical Reason¡m¤å¤Æ»P¹ê½î²z©Ê¡n,
University of Chicago Press, Chapter 4.
White, L.A., 1954, Review of Kroeber, A.L. and C. Kluckhohn,
Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions,
American Anthropologist 56: 461-68.
²Ä¤T¶g 2003.9.30¤å¤Æ¤]¦³§@ªÌ¡G®Ñ¼gªºÅv«Â©Ê
*Foucault, M., 1976, ¡§What is an Author?¡¨, in Textual Strategies,
J.V. Harari ed., Cornell University Press.
*Clifford, J., 1983, ¡§On Ethnographic Authority¡¨, Representations
1(2): 119-46.
+Rosaldo, R., 1993, ¡§Narrative Analysis¡¨, in Culture and
Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis, Boston: Beacon Press..
+Radway, J., 1984, ¡§Interpretive Communities and Variable Literacies:
The Function of Romance Reading¡¨, Daedalus 113(3): 49-73.
West, C., 1990, ¡§The New Cultural Politics of Difference¡¨,
October 53: 93-109.
Moore, H., 1994, A Passion for Difference, Indiana
University Press, Chapter 7.
²Ä¥|¶g 2003.10.7 »ö¦¡¡Bªí²{¡B¹ê½î¡G¤å¤Æ¦æ°Êªº¸`«µ
*Goffman, E., 1959, The Presentation of Self in *Goffman, E.,
1959, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life¡m¤é±`¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº¦Û§Úªíºt¡n,
New York: Doubleday, Chapter 1.
*Turner, V.W., 1974, ¡§Social Dramas and Ritual Metaphors¡¨, in
Dramas, Fields and Metaphors, Cornell University Press.
+Bourdieu, P., 1990, The Logic of Practice, Stanford
University Press, Chapters 3, 5 & 7.
+Schechner, R., 2002, Performance Studies: An Introduction,
London: Routledge, Chapter 2.
Alexander, J.C., 1990, ¡§Analytic Debates: Understanding the
Relative Autonomy of Culture¡¨, in Culture and Society¡VContemporary
Debates, Cambridge University Press.
Certeau, M. de, 1984, The Practice of Everyday Life, University
of California Pr., Chapter 7.
²Ä¤¶g 2003.10.14 ¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s»PªÀ·|¶¥¯Å§å§P¡G¤@Ó·í¥Nªº¤Ï«ä
*Hall, S., 1980, ¡§Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms¡¨, Media Culture
and Society 2: 57-72.
*Arnold, M., 1993, Culture and Anarchy¡m¤å¤Æ»PµL¬F©²ª¬ºA¡n, Cambridge
University Press, Chapter 1.
+Williams, R., 1987 (1958), Culture and Society, 1780-1950¡m¤å¤Æ»PªÀ·|¡n,
London: Hogarth, Conclusion.
+Thompson, E.P., 1991 (1963), The Making of the English Working
Class, London: Penguin, pp. 418-29.
Inglis, F., 1993, Cultural Studies, Oxford: Blackwell, Chapter
2.
²Ä¤»¶g 2001.10.21 ´Þ¥Á¥D¸qª¾ÃÑ»P«á´Þ¥Á¥D¸q²z½×
*Said, E., 1995 (1978), Orientalism¡mªF¤è¥D¸q¡n, Penguin, Introduction
& Chapter 1.
*Mitchell, T., 1988, Colonizing Egypt, Cambridge University
Press, Chapter 1.
+Viswanathan, G., 1989, Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and
British Rule in India, Columbia University Press, Chapter 3.
+Chakrabarty, D., 1992, ¡§Postcoloniality and the Artifice of
History: Who Speaks for ¡§Indian Pasts?¡¨, Representations 37: 1-26.
Appiah, K.A., 1991, ¡§Is the Post- in Postmodernism the Post-
in Postcolonial¡¨? Critical Inquiry 17: 336-57.
Gates, L.H., 1991, ¡§Critical Fanonism¡¨, Critical Inquiry 17: 457-71.
³æ¤¸¤G¡G²{¥N©Ê»P¤å¤Æªº°ÝÃD·NÃÑ¡G´XÓ¸g¨å¼Ò¦¡¡]¦¶¤¸ÂE¡^
²Ä¤C¶g 2003.10.28 Marx¡GªÀ·|»P·NÃѧκA
*Marx, K., ¡§Manifesto of the Communist Party¡¨, in R. C. Tucker
ed., The Marx-Engels Reader (2nd edition), pp. 473-483.
*Marx, K., Capital, vol. 1, Ch.1 (Commodities), Section 4, ¡§The
Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof¡¨, in The Marx-Engels
Reader (2nd edition), R.C. Tucker ed., pp. 319-329.
+Althusser, L., ¡§Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses¡¨,
in Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, pp. 137-177.
+Gramsci, A., ¡§Marxism and Modern Culture¡¨, ¡§The Formation of
Intellectuals¡¨, in The Modern Princes and Other Writings, pp.
82-89, 118-125.
²Ä¤K¶g 2001.11.4 Weber¡G
²z©Ê¤Æ¡B²{¥NÅv¤O
*Weber, M., °ò·þ·s±ÐªºÛ²z»P¸ê¥»¥D¸qªººë¯«¡A±iº~¸ÎĶ¡A¨ó§Ó¤u·~ÂO®Ñ¡]©Î¡^·s±ÐÛ²z»P¸ê¥»¥D¸qºë¯« ¡A¤_¾åµ¥Ä¶¡A¨¦·¥Xª©
(©Î) ¡§Protestant Asceticism and the Spirit of Capitalism¡¨, in Weber
Selections in Translation, W.G. Runciman ed., pp. 138-173.
*Weber, M., ¡§Types of Legitimate Domination¡¨, in Economy and
Society Vol. 1, G. Roth & C. Wittich eds., pp. 212-254.
+Weber, M., ¡§The Distribution of Power Within the Political
Communities: Class, Status, Party¡¨, in Economy and Society Vol.
2, G. Roth & C. Wittich eds., pp. 926-938.
²Ä¤E¶g 2003.11.11 Simmel¡GThe Fetishism of Modernity
*Simmel, G., ¡§Sociology of the Senses¡¨ (pp. 109-120), ¡§The Sociology
of Sociability¡¨ (pp. 120-130), ¡§Sociology of the Meal¡¨ (pp. 130-136),
¡§The Metropolis and Mental Life¡¨ (pp. 174-186), ¡§The Philosophy
of Fashion¡¨ (pp. 187-206), ¡§Adornment¡¨ (pp. 206-211), ¡§The Problem
of Style¡¨ (pp. 211-218), ¡§The Adventure¡¨ (pp. 221-232), ¡§Money
in Modern Culture¡¨ (pp. 243-255), ¡§The Berlin Trade Exhibition¡¨
(pp. 255-258), ¡§Some Remarks on Prostitution in the Present and
in Future¡¨ (pp. 262-270), ¥H¤W¿ï¦Û Simmel On Culture, D. Frisby and
M. Featherstone eds.; ¡§The Stranger¡¨, in Georg Simmel On Individuality
and Social Forms, D. Levine ed., pp. 143-149; ¡§Flirtation¡¨, in
Georg Simmel On Women, Sexuality and Love, G. Oakes ed., pp. 133-152.
²Ä¤Q¶g 2003.11.18 Durkheim¡G¶°Åéªí¼xªºªÀ·|¨Æ¹ê©Ê
*Durkheim, E., ¡§Preface to the Second Edition¡¨ (pp. 34-47), ¡§What
is a Social Fact?¡¨ (pp. 50-59), ¡§Rules for the Distinction of
the Normal from the Pathological¡¨ (pp. 85-107), in The Rules of
Sociological Method.
*Durkheim, E., The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life,
pp. 13-33 (Intro.), pp. 462-496 (Conclusion).
+de Saussure, F., Course in General Linguistics, pp. 65-78.
Levi-Strauss, C., ¡§The Scope of Anthropology¡¨ (pp. 3-32),
¡§What Ethnology Owes to Durkheim¡¨ (pp. 44-48), in Structural
Anthropology Vol. 2.
²Ä¤Q¤@¶g 2003.11.25 Bachelard-Canguillhem
ª¾Ãѽ׻PªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç
Bourdieu, P. et. al., The Craft of Sociology: Epistemological
Preliminaries, pp.3-89, 144-5, 157-9, 201-6, 221-8, 233-9.
³æ¤¸¤T: ·Q¹³¡B¸àÄÀ¡B¥DÅé©Ê¡G¤å¤Æ»PÓÅ骺¥æ¬É¡]¼B¬ö¿·¡^
²Ä¤Q¤G¶g 2003.12.2 ¥DÅé¡B©Ê§O¡B¨Åé
¥DÅé¡B©Ê§O¡B¨Åé
* Hall, S., 1996, ¡§Who Needs Identity,¡¨ S. Hall &
P. du Gay eds., Questions of Cultural Identity, London,
Sage, pp.1-17.
* Lacan, J., The Formation of the I, Mirror Stage, Ecrits
1-7¥i°Ñ¾\©Ô±d¿ï¶°¢w¡u§U¦¨¡y§Ú¡zªº¥\¯à§Î¦¨ªºÃè¤l¶¥¬q¡v¡C
*Butler, J., 1993, Bodies that Matter, London,
Routledge, pp224-242.
+ªô¶Qªâ¡C¡q±Ú°ê«Øºc»P·í¥N¥xÆW¤k©Ê¤p»¡ªº»{¦P¬Fªv¡r¡C¡m©Ê/§O¬ã¨sŪ¥»¡n¡C±i¤pi½s¡C¥x¥_¡G³Á¥Ð¡A167-194¡C
+Spivak, G., 1988, ¡§Can the Subaltern Speak?¡¨ in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture,
C. Nelson and L. Grossberg ed., Macmillan.
+Mouffe, Chantal, 1994,"For a Politics of Nomadic
Identity," pp.105-113, in George Robertson et al eds., Travellers'
Tales: Narratives of Home and Displacement. London: Routledge.
+Lauretis, T. de, 1993, ¡§Upping the Anti [sic] in Cultural
Feminist Theory¡¨, in The
Cultural Studies Reader, S. During ed., Routledge.
+Suleri , S., 1996, ¡§Woman Skin Deep: Feminism and the
Postcolonial Question¡¨, Critical
Inquiry 18: 756-69.
+Grosz, Elizabeth, 1990, Volatile Bodies,
Chapters 1
+Alcoff, L., 1990 (1988), ¡§Cultural feminism versus Post-Structuralism:
The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory¡¨, Culture/Power/History, N. Dirks et al eds., Princeton University
Press.
²Ä¤Q¤T¶g 2003.12.9 µL·NÃÑ¡B¤å¤Æ¥LªÌ»P¶H¼x¥æ´«
*Freud, S.,¡m¤å©ú¤Î¨ä¤£º¡¡n¥x¥_¡G¦Ì®R¨©º¸, 233-330. ¥i°Ñ¦ÒCivilization
and Its Discontents (1930), Standard Edition, XXI, 59-145.
*
Freud, S.,¡mºë¯«¤ÀªR·s½×¡n¡G31Á¿¡®32Á¿¡C
*
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+±i¤pi¡C¡qµê¹¢¤¤°ê¡G¬y¦æ®É©|³]p¤¤ªº¤å¤ÆÀǬN¡r¡C¡m¤¤¥~¤å¾Ç¡n29:2=338 ¥Á89.07 ¶26-46
+¤Y¤tõ¥v¡C¡q»P´Þ¥Á¦a°O¾Ð/¤`»î¤§·i°«¢w¥xÆWªº«á´Þ¥Á¤ß²z¦a¹Ï¡r¡C¡q¥xÆW¢w¥þ²y¸ê¥»¥D¸q»P«Ò°êªº°O¾Ð¡r¡C¡m¤¤¥~¤å¾Ç¡G¥xÆW¬ã¨s¦b¤é¥»±M¿è¡n¡C¡m¤¤¥~¤å¾Ç¡n²Ä¤T¤Q¤@¨÷²Ä¤Q´Á¡]2003.3¡^¡G29-42¡A81-109¡C
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+³¯«³Åï¡C¡q¸Ñºc¤¤°ê©Ê¡G½×±Ú¸s·NÃѧ@¬°¤å¤Æ§@¬°»{¦P¤§ÀǤ£©ú¡r¡C¡m¥xÆWªÀ·|¬ã¨s¡n33¡C¥Á88.03 ¶103-131¡C
+¿ú¥Ã²»¡B¤ý®¶¾È¡C¡qÁÚ¦V·s°ê®a¡S¥Áºé«ÂÅv¥D¸qªº§Î¦¨»P¥Á°ÝÃD¡r¡C¡m¥xÆWªÀ·|¬ã¨s¡n20¡C¥Á84.08 ¶17-55¡C
+»¯è¡C¡q·sªº¥Á±Ú¥D¸q,ÁÙ¬Oªº¡S¡r¡m¥xÆWªÀ·|¬ã¨s¡n21¡C85.01 ¶1-72¡C
²Ä¤Q¤»¶g 2003.12.30 ¾ú¥v¡B°O¾Ð»P¸àÄÀ
*Gadamer, H., 1989,¡q¦b²{¶H¾Ç©MÅGÃÒªk¤§¶¡¡G¤@ºØ¦Û§Ú§å§Pªº¹Á¸Õ¡r¡A¡m¸àÄÀ¾Ç¸g¨å¤å¿ï¡n¡]¤U¡^¡A323-349¡C
*Betti, Emilio,¡q§@¬°ºë¯«¬ì¾Ç¤@¯ë¤èªk½×ªº¸àÄÀ¾Ç¡r¡A¡m¸àÄÀ¾Ç¸g¨å¤å¿ï¡n¡]¤W¡^¡A127-172¡C
*Heidegger, Martin,¡q²z¸Ñ©M¸ÑÄÀ¡r¡A¡m¸àÄÀ¾Ç¸g¨å¤å¿ï¡n¡]¤W¡^¡A111-126¡C
+·¾¤f¶¯¤T¡®®]ºq¡A¡qÃö©ó¡uª¾ÃѦ@¦PÅé¡v¡r¡A¡m¶}©ñ®É¥N¡n(2001.11): 5-22¡C
+³¯¥ú¿³¡C¡q¬°¤°»ò¤j©M¸Ñ¤£¡þ¥i¯à¡H¡q¦h®á¡r»P¡q»¿¼¤Ñ°ó¡r´Þ¥Á¡þ§N¾Ô®ÄÀ³¤U¬ÙÄy°ÝÃDªº±¡ºüµ²ºc¡r¡C¡m¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s¤ë³ø¡n²Ä¥|´Á(2001.6.15) http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~eng/csa/critic_forum/forum_41.htm
+¼B¬ö¿·¡C¡q¾ú¥vªººë¯«¤ÀªR¦¡±´°Ý¡r¡A¡q³¯¬É¤¯ªº¾ú¥vªÏ¸Ñ»P¦º¤`¶w·P¡r¡C
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²Ä¤Q¤C¶g 2003.1.6 ºî¦X°Q½×¡]±Â½Ò±Ð®v¤Þ¨¥¡^
*¥²Åª
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Oxford UP, 1995¡D1-38, 91-118.
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- ³¯¥ú¿³¡]²MµØ¤j¾Ç¥~¤å¨t±Ð±Â¡^¡G¬°¤°»ò¤j©M¸Ñ¤£¡þ¥i¯à¡H¡q¦h®á¡r»P¡q»¿¼¤Ñ°ó¡r´Þ¥Á¡þ§N¾Ô®ÄÀ³¤U¬ÙÄy°ÝÃDªº±¡ºüµ²ºc¡C¡]¤U¸üwordª©¡^
- ³¯«³Åï¡C¡q¸Ñºc¤¤°ê©Ê¡G½×±Ú¸s·NÃѧ@¬°¤å¤Æ§@¬°»{¦P¤§ÀǬN¤£©ú¡r¡C¡m¥xÆWªÀ·|¬ã¨s¡n¡C33 ¥Á88.03 ¶103-131
- ´I¤s¤@¦¡C¡q´Þ¥Á¥D¸q»P¼ö±a¬ì¾Ç¡G¡u®q¥Á¡v®t²§ªº¾Ç³N¤ÀªR¡r¡C¡m¥xÆWªÀ·|¬ã¨s¡n28 ¥Á86.12 ¶121-143
- Ú¬À³Ùy¡C¡q©ÊÅÊ¢A©Ê¤u§@ªº¥Í©R¦@¦PÅé¡G²z½×ªº»P²{¹êªº³s±a¡r¡m©Ê¢A§O¬ã¨s¡n1¡®2´Á¦X¥Z¡A1996
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¡§Hey, you!¡¨
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history¡A¥H¤Î³o¨Ç¶H¼x¯´§Ç¥l³ê¤§¥~ªºÓ§O®t²§¡A´Nn±qºë¯«¤ÀªR©Ò°Q½×ªº¥DÅ骺¤Àµõ¶}©l½Í°_¤F¡C¥i¯àKristevaªº"The
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agent¡^¡A´N¦p¦P±¹ï¤â¾÷ªº°ÝÃD®É¡A¤]³\¦³¤H·|»¡¡A¥DÅ餴µM¥i¥H¿ï¾Ü¡u¶R¡v»P¡u¤£¶R¡v°Ú¡I¡u¶R¡v¬O§Ú¤F¸Ñ»Ý¨D«á¦Û¥Dªº¿ï¾Ü¡A¡u¤£¶R¡v¤]¬O¥DÅé¸õ²æª«½è¥@¬ÉÂ\§Ëªº¤èªk¡Cªü¹Ï¶ë»¡¡u·NÃÑ«¬ºA³z¹L¥l³ê¥DÅé¦Ó¦s¦b¡v¡]Ideology
interpellates individuals as
subjects¡^¡]320¡^¡C§Ú¤£¶R¤â¾÷¡A¤£±µ¨ü¹aÁnªº¥l³ê¡A·NÃÑ«¬ºA´N¤£¦s¦b¡F§Ú¡A¨¬°¤@Ó¥DÅé¡A¤´µM¦³¥DÅé©Ê¡C
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·NÃÑ«¬ºA¬O¤@ºØª«½è©Êªº«Øºc¡C(318) ³o¨âÓ¥²n±ø¥ó³£»¡©ú¤F·NÃÑ«¬ºA¬O¤@Ó²Õ¦Xªº¡uÃö«Y¬[ºc¡v¡A¬O¤@Ó³Q¨Æª«©Ò¿Eµo«á¡A¥DÅ餣±o¤£ÀH¤§°_»Rªº¡u¤¬°Ê¼Ò¦¡¡v¡A¦Ó¤£¬OÃö«Y«¬ºA¤¤³æ¯Âªº½×z¡A¹³¬O¡u¶R¤â¾÷©Î¤£¶R¤â¾÷¡v¡B¡u¤J¾Ç´NŪ©Î¦b®a¦Û¾Ç¡v¡B¡u¤ä«ù¥»¤g©Î²Î¤@¡vµ¥Â²³æ½×ÂI¤Î·Qªk¡A¥un¦V¥DÅé©Û¤â¡A¥DÅéı±o¹ï¡A´N·|¨Ä¨Ä·ÓµÛ°µ¡C
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of an ideological
apparatus¡K¡K¡^¡]319¡^¡A©Ò¥H¦b¡u¤â¾÷¥l³ê¡vªº·NÃÑ«¬ºA¤¤¡A¬Û³s²£¥Íªº¦æ¬°¤]¦p»ö¦¡¯ë¤ÏÂЧe²{¡G¥]¬A¹aÁn¤@°_´N¥^¦£¦a±µÅ¥©ÎÃö¾÷ªº°Ê§@¡A§Ö³t²¾°Ê¼·¸¹ªº¤â«ü¡A¦b¤½¨®¤WµL·NÃѪºª±§Ë¤â¾÷¦Q¹¢¡A©Î¬O«D±o¥hÀ°¤â¾÷¶RÓ¦Q¹¢ªº¦æ¬°¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦b¤£¦X®É©yªº³õ¦XÅ¥¨ì¨ë¦Õªº¹aÁn¡]¥¿¥l³êµÛ§O¤H¡^¡A½K°_ªº¬ÜÀY¡AÄÆ¥hªº¥Õ²´¡A¶Rªù¸¹¡A¨C¤ë¥æ¿ú¡K¡K³o¨Ç¤ÏÂÐ¥X²{ªº¡u»ö¦¡¡v¡A³£¬O³oӥѤâ¾÷¤Ä°_ªº¥¨¤j·NÃÑ«¬ºA¸Ìªº¤@³¡¥÷¡C
¦Ó¡u¬O§_¨üÅwªï¡v¡B¡u©È³Q¤H§Ñ°O¡v¡B¡u¬O§_¦³¨}¦nªºªÀ·|¦a¦ì¡vµ¥µ¥¡A«h¬O»ö¦¡«¬ºAI«á¥]§tªººØºØ³¯z¡]statement¡^¡A³¯zµ²¦Xªººôµ¸ºc¦¨À£¤O¡A¥DÅ骺¥D¾É©Ê¦b³oÓÃö«Y¤U¿ºµMµL¦s¡C©Ò¥Hªü¹Ï¶ë»¡¡G¡u¥DÅé«H¥õªºÆ[©À¬O¦s¦bª«½è©Ê¸Ìªº¡A¦]¬°¥DÅ骺·N§Ó¡A¬O³Qª«½è©Êªº°ê®a¾÷¾¹©Ò½T©w¡A¦Ó°ê®a¾÷¾¹ªº¹B§@¨ú¨M©óª«½è©Ê«Øºc¥Xªº»ö¦¡¤¤¡A¦Ó»ö¦¡¤S³Qª«½è«Øºc¥Xªº¦æ¬°¾Þ§@¡A¥H¦Ü©ó¥DÅ骺·Qªk¦]¦¹¦Ó¨Ó¡C¡v¡]the
existence of the ideas of his belief is material in that his ideas
are his material actions inserted into material practices governed
by material rituals which are themselves defined by the material
ideological apparatus from which derive the ideas of that
subject.¡^(319)
¸Õ°Ý¡A§Ú̬O¤£¬O«Ü§Ö¦a¦Vª«½è§ë°¡A³£¶R¤F¤â¾÷¡H´Nºâè±À¥X®É¨S¦³¶R¡H¨â¦~«e¨S¦³¶R¡H²{¦b¨S¦³¶R¡H§A¦³§â´¤¦b¥¼¨Ó¤£·|§ë°¡H½ÖºÞ§A²{¦bªº²z¥Ñ¬O¡u¤â¾÷¤£¦n¥Î¡v¡B¡u³q¸Ü¶O¤Ó¶Q¡v¡B©Î¬O¡u§Ú°Q¹½¥Î¤â¾÷·¾³q¡v¡C¦b¹aÁnÅT°_¥l³êªº®É¨è¡A¥DÅéÁö¥i¥H¿ï¾Ü¡u¤£±µ¹q¸Ü¡v¡B¡u¤£¶R¤â¾÷¡v¡A¦ý¬O¦b¤â¾÷ªº¤¬°Ê¼Ò¦¡¹B§@¤¤¡A¥DÅé¨S¦³¤£¡u°Ñ»P¡vªºÅv§Q¡A±µ»P¤£±µ¡B¶R»P¤£¶R¡B´Á«Ý»P¹½´c¡A¦b³oÓ¤¬°Ê¼Ò¦¡¤¤¡A©Ò¦³ªº¥DÅé³£³Q²o¤Þ¡C
¦P¾ÇÌ´¿»¡§Ú±N·NÃÑ«¬ºAªº¾Þ§ËµL¤Wºõ¡A¥i¬O¡A ¦b³oÓ¤£ª¾¬O²{¥NÁÙ¬O«á²{¥NªºªÀ·|¸Ì¡AµL¥i§_»{ §Ú̳£¦³µÛ³Q¥l³êªº´÷±æ¡H ÁÙ¬O¥i¥H¦b¤£³Q©I³êªº±I¹æªº¥@¬É¸Ì ©t±I ¦b±¹ï¤£¦Pªº©I³Û®É¡A §Ú̳o¨Ç©Ò¿×ªº¥DÅ馳¿ï¾ÜªºÅv¤O¶Ü¡H «ç¼ËªºÅv¤O¡H ¬O©I³ê¤¤ªº¿ï¾ÜÃD¡H¢Ï»P¢Ð©Î¢Ñ¤¤¬D¿ï¥ô¤@ªºÅv¤O¡H ©Î¬O¦³±¼ÀY¨«¡A¦Ûı©Ê¦a¤£¿ï¡A ©t¿W¡B¸¨¥î¡B³Q©ß±ó¡Kµ¥³¯z¥[¨®É ¤´«O¦³¦s¬¡ªºÅv¤O¡H¡K¡K
§ÚÁ`°O±o±i·R¬Â¦º®É¡A ªÅªÅªº©Ð¶¡¸Ì¥u¯dµÛ¤@¥x¹qµø»P¦¬µ¾÷¡A ¨º¬O¦o©Ò¿ï¾Ü»P¥@¬É±µÄ²ªºµ¡¤f¡A ³o»ò¦³¦Û¥D©Êªº¤k¤H¡A ¤´µM³Q¡u¸ê°T¡v©Ò«Ø¥ßªº·NÃÑ«¬ºA©Ò¥l³ê¡C ¦Ó¨ä¥L¤H¯à¦³¤°»ò¤O¶q¡H ·NÃÑ«¬ºAªº¥@¬É¥»¨Ó´N¦bªÅ®ð¸Ì¡C
References
±i¤pi¡C¡Õ«á²{¥N¡]¥xÆW¡^©_¾÷¡Ö¡C <<¤¤¥~¤å¾Ç>> 30
(2001.9)¡G211-235¡C ³¯¬Â¬Â¡C¡Õ¤â¾÷²{¶H¡A¸ÑŪ¦~»´ªº¤ß¡Ö¡C<<¥®·à¤åÃÀ>> 551
(1999.11)
¡R64-67¡C ¼B¾¤¨à¡C<<ªF¨Ê±¡¦â¤â¥U>>¡C¥x¥_¡G·s·s»D¡A2000¡C |
Re:
¦³Ãö¡u¥l³ê¡v |
µo¨¥¤H¡G¼B¬ö¿· |
µoªí¤é´Á¡G11-03-01 17:30 |
Brenda,
¡u§Ú̳£¦³µÛ³Q¥l³êªº´÷±æ¡H ÁÙ¬O¥i¥H¦b¤£³Q©I³êªº±I¹æªº¥@¬É¸Ì ©t±I ¦b±¹ï¤£¦Pªº©I³Û®É¡A §Ú̳o¨Ç©Ò¿×ªº¥DÅ馳¿ï¾ÜªºÅv¤O¶Ü¡H «ç¼ËªºÅv¤O¡H ¬O©I³ê¤¤ªº¿ï¾ÜÃD¡H¢Ï»P¢Ð©Î¢Ñ¤¤¬D¿ï¥ô¤@ªºÅv¤O¡H ©Î¬O¦³±¼ÀY¨«¡A¦Ûı©Ê¦a¤£¿ï¡A ©t¿W¡B¸¨¥î¡B³Q©ß±ó¡Kµ¥³¯z¥[¨®É ¤´«O¦³¦s¬¡ªºÅv¤O¡H¡K¡K¡v
³oªº½T¬O¬Û·í¥O¤HÃø³ôªº³B¹Ò¡A¤]Åý§Ú·Q°_Freud©Ò°Q½×ªºHerding
instinct¡]¡m¸sÅé¤ß²z¾Ç¡n¡^¡A¤H̥û·¦p¦P¦Ï¸s¤@¯ë´M¯Á¬Û¤¬¨ú·x¡B¸s©~¤@¶¨ªº°ò¥»±¡·Pµ²ºc¤F¡C³o³£»P²æÂ÷ìªì¥ÀÅ餧oceanic
ª¬ºA¦Ó¤Þµoªº¤£¦w¦³Ãö¡C
¦]¦¹¡A²{¹êì«h¤@«h¬I®i¨äìI³Î«Â¯Ù¡A¦A«h¦P®É°õ¦æ¨ä¥l³êªº¥\¯à¡A¨âªÌ¹ê«h¬°¤@Å餧¨â±¡A¥DÅéµL©Ò¹P°k¡C
µM¦Ó¡A´Â¦V¶H¼x¯´§Ç¦Ó¨Ï¥Î¨ä»y¨¥®É¡A¥DÅ餴ÂÂÀH®É¦³ëƶV¦¹»y¨¥¹CÀ¸³W«hªº¥D±±ªÅ¶¡¡A³o©Î³\¬O§ÚÌ©Ò´Á«Ý¬Ý¨ìªº¥DÅé©Ê¤F¡A©ÎªÌ¡A¦p¦PKristeva©Ò»¡ªº¡A¬OÃÀ³N®a¡þ¸Ö¤Hªº¥DÅé©Ê¡C
¬ö¿· |
ÅQÅv»P¤E¤@¤@ |
µo¨¥¤H¡GªL©É§g/Fiona |
µoªí¤é´Á¡G10-24-01 16:37 |
ı±o«ä¦Ò¤£°÷¿¦±K¡A½Ð¦h«ü±Ð
¦p¦PBen¦b½Ò°ó¤Wpresent
hegemonyªì¨B·§©À®É´£¤Îªº¡A§Ú¦P·N¸¯Äõ¦èªºÅQÅv²z½×¹ê»Ú¤W¥iºÙ¨ä¬°¤@ºØ¡u¤å¤Æ¦@ÃÑ¡v¡A©ÎªÌ¡A±N¥¦ª½±µºÙ§@¡u¤å¤ÆÅQÅv¡v¡CÁ`¬A¦a»¡¡A¤å¤ÆÅQÅv«üªº¬O¬YºØ¦ûÀu¶Õªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¡A¦Ó¦¹Àu¶Õªº»â¾É¡A«h¥²¶·¥Í²£¥X±qÄÝ¡Bµ²·ù¹ÎÅé¬Ò¦P·Nªº¹D¼w¡B¬Fªv»Pª¾ÃѬݪk¡A¦Ó¥L¤]±j½Õ¡A¦b¤@¶¥¯Å¹Ü¨ú°ê®a¬FÅv¤§«e¥²¶·¥ý¾Ö¦³¤å¤ÆÅQÅv¡A¥ý±o¨ì¼sªxªº¦P·N¡A¤~¯à«Ø¥ß§¹¥þ°ê®a¡A¥Ñ¦¹¬Ý¨Ó¡Aµ²¦X°_«e¶gªº·NÃѧκA·§©À¡A¨ä¹ê¤å¤ÆÅQÅv¤]¯à³Q¸ÑÄÀ¬°¡u¦ûÀu¶Õªº·NÃѧκA¡v¡A¦b³oÅQÅv¹B§@¤U¡AµL½×¬O¸gÀÙªº¡B¤å¤Æªº¡B¬Fªvªº¦U¼h±³£Ån¬A¦b¸ÌÀY¡C ¸¯Äõ¦è¯S§O¤§³B¦b©ó±a¥X°ê®a»P¥«¥ÁªÀ·|²V²cÃø¤À¨¤¦â¡A¥L±N¨âªÌ¬Òµø¬°¤å¤ÆÅQÅv¬¡°Êªº³õ°ì¡A°_ªì¡A´N°ê®a¦Ó¨¥¡A¨ä¹B§@Åv¤Oªº¤â¬q¬O¸g¥Ñ±Ð¨|ªº¼ç²¾Àq¤Æ»Pªk«ßªºÀ£¨î¡AµM¦Ó¡A³o¨Ã«Dªí¥Ü¥«¥ÁªÀ·|³à¥¢¤F¤å¤ÆÅQÅv¥Í²£ªº¥i¯à¡A¬Û¤Ï¦a¡A¤å¤ÆÅQÅv§ó¯à°÷¸g¥Ñ¥«¥ÁªÀ·|¤¤¤@¨Ç¨p¤H¾÷¨î¿³°_¡A¤ñ¤è¥Xª©·~¡B¼s¼½µ¥µ¥¡A¦Ó±Ð¨|¥ç¬O¨ä¤¤¤@Àô¡C¦b³o¸Ì¡A¸¯Äõ¦èªí©ú¤F±Ð¨|§@¬°¾ÞÁa±jÀ£¤è¦¡¤§¥~¥t¤@ºØ¸û¥¿±ªº±Ò¥Ü¥\¯à¡A¬°Àò±o¼sªxªº¦P·N¡AÅQÅv¶·¤¶¤J±Ð¨|¨Æ·~¡AÄ´¦p¡A¦b¾Ôª§®É´ÁÄé¿é¤@ºØ¶°Åé·NÃÑ¡C¦b³o¤¤¶¡ªº¹Lµ{¡Aª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤lªº¨¤¦â¤]´N®æ¥~¤Þ¤Hª`¥Ø¡C¸¯Äõ¦è±Nª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l¤À¬°¶Ç²Îª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l»P¦³¾÷ª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l¨âÃþ¡A°ò¥»¤W¡Aª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤lªº§@¥Î¡A¬O§@¬°¤¤¤¶¡B¥N²z¤H¡A¬°Àu¶Õ¹ÎÅé»P«DÀu¶Õ¹ÎÅ鶡ºW±Ûªº³~®|¡CµM¦Ó¡A¸¯Äõ¦è±j½Õ¡Aª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l¤£¯à°÷¥u©T¦u³o¼Ë§N²Hªº¡u¥\¯à¡v¡A¤£¯à°÷©¿²¤»P¤H¥Á±¡·Pªºµ²¦X¡A¥L±j½Õ³o¬O¤@ºØ¦³¾÷ªºÁpô¡A¦Ó°ß¦³ÂǦ¹¦³¾÷Ápô¡A«hÅQÅv±o¥H¯u¥¿¦b»â¾É¤WÀò±o¼sªx¦P·N¡C ±q¸¯Äõ¦èªºª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l¨¤¦â¥Xµo¡A§Ṳ́]¥i¥H±N¥Ø¥úÂà¦V¤HºÙªº¡u¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬öªº²Ä¤@³õ¾Ôª§¡v¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¤Þ¸¹¸Ìªº«Å¥Ü¬O¬Û·íȱoÃhºÃªº¡A¤×¨ä·í§Ú̪¾¹D¤¤ªF±¡¶Õ¤@ª½¼C©Þ©¸±i¡A¤T¤Ñ¨â¤Ñ³£¦³¤j¤p¿E°«¤§®É¡A¦ó¨Ó²Ä¤@³õ¾Ôª§¡H¤]³\§Ú̸Ӵ£¿ô¦Û¤v¤å¤ÆÅQÅv²z½×²£¥Íªº®É¨è¬O¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤T¡³¦~¥N¥ª¥k¡A»P²{¤µ¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬öªì¦³¤£¤p®É¶¡®t¶Z¡AµM¦Ó¡A§ÚÌÁÙ¬O±o«ä¦Òª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l¦b³o³õ¾Ô§Ðªº¨¤¦â¡F´N§Ú¦Ó¨¥¡A¸¯Äõ¦èªº¥«¥ÁªÀ·|©M¤§«e°Q½×ªºªü¹Ï¶ë¦³¤@ÂI«Ü¤£¤@¼Ë¡A«áªÌ¦ü¥G»{¬°¥DÅ餧¨ü¨î¤ð±e¸mºÃ¡A¦Ó«eªÌ«h½á¤©¥«¥ÁªÀ·|§Î¦¨»á¦h¦Û¥D©Ê¡A¨Ã§Æ±æ±Nª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l»P¤H¥Áºòºòµ²¦X¡A¨£¨ä»P°ê®a¤O¶q¶¡ªº¤¬°Ê¥iª¾¡C¦p¤µ¡A±q´CÅé·s»D¡Bºô¸ô¤W¡A§Ú̬ݨì¤F¤@Ó¬¡¥Í¥ÍªºÅQÅv¥Ü¨Ò¡A¾Ö¦³ªº¼sªx¦P·N¬O¾ÚºÙ°ª¹F¦Ê¤À¤§¤E¤Q¥|ªº¥D¾Ô¥ß³õ¡Aª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l¥hþ¤F¡H¦b¬Èº»{¿ù¤¤¡G¬ü°ê¤§Án¦]¼½¥X¶øÂĺ¿³X½Í¾ã²z¦Ó©Ó»{¦Û¤v¦b§@·~¤W¦³²¨¥¢¡K¡K¦bx¨Æ·R°ê®ðª^¤¤¡Aª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l§@¬°¥N¨¥¤Hªº¨¤¦â§óȱoÃhºÃ¤F¡A¦bºã¨îªº¤â¬q¤¤¡A¤å©ú»P³¥ÆZªº¤À³¥ÀǬN¡Aþ¸Ì¬Oª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤lµoÁnªº»â°ì¡H¬O¥Ø«e¶È¬y©óÀb«È§ð¨¾ªººô¸ô¥@¬É¶Ü¡H§ÚÌÀ³¸Ó«ä¦Ò¡Aºô¸ô¦û¤F¤°»ò¼Ëªºµo¨¥Åv¡C |
Re:
ÅQÅv»P¤E¤@¤@ |
µo¨¥¤H¡G¼B¬ö¿· |
µoªí¤é´Á¡G11-03-01 17:42 |
Fiona,
ªº½T¦p¦¹¡C¡u±q´CÅé·s»D¡Bºô¸ô¤W¡A§Ú̬ݨì¤F¤@Ó¬¡¥Í¥ÍªºÅQÅv¥Ü¨Ò¡A¾Ö¦³ªº¼sªx¦P·N¬O¾ÚºÙ°ª¹F¦Ê¤À¤§¤E¤Q¥|ªº¥D¾Ô¥ß³õ¡Aª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l¥hþ¤F¡H¡v¤E¤@¤@¨Æ¥óªºµo®i»PÁֽר«¦V¡A¥O§Ú·Q°_
Noam Chomsky ÀË°QªiÆW¾Ôª§ªº¬ö¿ý¤ùManufacturing Consent¡I
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·NÃÑ«¬ºA-¤j®a¨Óª±¡u¤j·§j¡v¡I
|
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¡§Ideology is a ¡§representation¡¨ of the imaginary relationship of
individuals to their real condition of existence.¡¨
Althusser»{¬°©Ò¿×¡u·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡v¬OÓÅé·Q¹³¦Û¨¦s¦bÃö«Yªº¦A²{¡C¡u·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡v¨ã¦³¥l³êÓÅ骺§@¥Î¡AÓÅé¤]¥²¶·¸g¥Ñ¥l³ê¡]hell¡^ªº¹Lµ{¡A¤~¯à³Q§Î¶ì¦¨¬°¤@Ө㦳¦æ°Ê¤O¡A¥i¥H¶i¦æ¦UºØªÀ·|¹ê½îªº§¹¾ãªº¡u¥DÅé¡v¡C¡u·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡v½T¥ß¤FÓÅ骺¡u¥DÅé©Ê¡v¡C
¡@¡@¡u·NÃÑ«¬ºA°ê®a¾÷¾¹¡v¡]Ideological State
Apparatus¡^§Y¬O§â¥l³êªº¾÷¨î²Õ´¤Æ¡A¦¨¬°¤@¨t¦C°ê®a¾÷¾¹ºÊ±±ÓÅ骺¤â¬q¡AÂǥѱШ|¡B©v±Ð¡B¶Ç´Cµ¥¾÷¨îªº¥l³ê¡A½T«OÓÅé¦w©ó¨ä¦ì¡A¨Ï¨ä·NÃѤ£¦Ü©ó·¸¥X®Ø¬[¤§¥~¡A¶i¦Ó«ùÄò¾d©T¨Ã¦X²z¤Æ°ê®a²Îªv©MºÊ±±ªºÅv¤O¡CµM¦Ó³Q¥l³êÓÅé«oµLªk¹îı¡u·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡vªº¹B§@¡A¦]¬°¡u·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡v¤w¸g¤º¤Æ¦¨ÓÅé¦s¦³ªº¤ß²z¾÷¨î©M·N¸q¡A¦bºØºØ¥]¸Ëºë¬üªº¥l³ê¤§¤U¡AÓÅ骺·NÃѦ۵M¦ÓµM¦a³Q¤@Ӭݤ£¨£ªº¼@¥»©Ò²o¤Þ¡A¦b¥Í¬¡¤¤¶i¦æ¤@¦¸¤S¤@¦¸¡u¦X²z¡vªº¡A²Å¦X¡u±`ºA¡vªººt¥X¡C¥Ñ¦¹Áp·Q¨ìFoucault¡u³W°V¡v¡]Normalization¡^ªº·§©À¡A·NÃÑ«¬ºA°ê®a¾÷¾¹¦p¦P¶ê§ÎºÊº»¡]Panopticon¡^¤¤¥¡ªºÁA±æ¥x¡A¡u¥¦¡v©Î¡u¥¦Ì¡vªº¾®µø¨î¬ù¤F¨CÓÓÅ骺¨Åé¡G¡u¦Ñ¤jôª`µøµÛ§A¡I¡v¤]¹³Orwell¦b¡u¤@¤E¤K¥|¡v¸Ì±¼gªº¨ºÓ³±»î¤£´²¡BµL©Ò¤£¦bªº°¾y¡þ¯«¬é¤@¼Ë¡A¦b³oÓ¤w¸g¥R¤Àªº³Q¡u³W°V¤Æ¡vªºªÀ·|¤¤¡A¦ü¥G³B³B³£¦³·¥Åvªº¼v¤l¡AÁöµM§ÚÌÁÙ¬O¹çÄ@¬Û«H¡u¥Á¥D¡vªº¦s¦b¡A¬Û«H¦Û¥Ñ¤k¯«¤â¤W¤£·Àªº¤õ¬²¡C ¡@¡@ ¡@¡@¡u¤@¤E¤K¥|¡vªºµ²½×¦ü¥G§_©w¤FÓÅé¦b·NÃÑ«¬ºA¾Þ±±¤§¤Uªº¦Û¥D©Ê¡G¡u³o³õ°«ª§¤w§iµ²§ô¡C¥L¤w¾Ô³Ó¤F¦Û¤v¡C¥L·R¦Ñ¤jô¡C¡v¡u·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡v§á¦±¤F¹ï¯u¹êÃö«Yªº»{ÃÑ¡]ÁöµM¡u¯u¹ê¡v¥»¨¤]¬O°÷¦Q¸Þ¤F¡^¡A¦Óª«½è¥Í²£¤è¦¡¤S´X¥G¬OÀ£Ë©Êªº©w¤F·NÃÑ«¬ºAªº¥Í²£¡A©Ò¥H¦bÂù«À£¢¤§¤U¡AÓÅé¥u¦³¦ÚªA¤F¡A¦ÚªA©ó¦Û¨¦s¦³ªºª«½è¡þ·NÃÑ«¬ºA¥Í²£ªºµ²ºc¤§¤¤¡A¥ô¾Ì¡uµ²ºc¡v³W½d¤FÓÅ骺©Ò»{ª¾ªº¸gÅç¡B¯u²z¡B§Q¯q©M¼¤±æ¡C³o¼Ë¦n¹³«Ü®e©öªº´N³Q¾É¤J¤F¤@ºØ´dÆ[ªº¡uµ²ºc¥D¸q¡v¦¡ªº©R©w½×¤F¡A¦ý¬O¦b³o¼Ëªº®Ø¬[©³¤U©w¸q¤å¤Æ¬ã¨sÅãµM¬O¤£¨¬ªº¤]¬OµL²áªº¡C¡@¡@
¡@¡@¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s«¤ßÀ³¸Ó©ñ¦b¤@ºØÅv¤Oªº¡u¤¬°ÊÃö«Y¡v¤§¤W¡A»P¨ä¥h°ÝÓÅé¬OŤFÁÙ¬O¿é¤F¡A¤£¦p¥h¬ÝÓÅé©M¾ãÓ¦h¼h¦¸ªº¡B²§½èªºµ²ºc¤§¶¡¦p¦ó¶i¦æ¤@³õ¦nª±ªº¹CÀ¸¡A»P¨ä°Ý¡¨yes
or
no¡¨¤£¦p¥h°Ý¡¨how¡¨¡C©Ò¥H¬Û¹ï©óAlthusserªº¡u¥l³ê¡v¡A§Ú¶É¦V±N¡u·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡v»{ª¾¦¨¤@Ó¬y°Êªº¡B¦h«Åv¤O¨¤³vª§ÅQªºplayground¡A¦b¸Ì±¨S¦³³Ó±Ñ¡A¥u¦³Åv¤O¤§¶¡¤£Â_ªº°«ª§»P®øªø¡A¤j®a¥u¬O¤£°±ªºª±µÛ¡u¤j·§j¡v¡A¤£Â_ªº§ä¦ì¤l·m¦ì¤l¡Aºâ¬O¤@ºØª±¤£§¹ªºwar
of position§a¡C |
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µo¨¥¤H¡G¼B¬ö¿· |
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l¨q¡A
©p©Ò´£ªº¡u¤j·§j¡v¡u·m¦ì¤l¡vªº¤ñ³ë«Ü¦³·N«ä¡A¥¿¬OAndrew Lloyd Webber ¦bEvita
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¤£¹L¡A·í·NÃѧκAªºsubtle¥l³ê¡A©Ò¤Þµoªº¬O²o¯A®a°ê¦w¦M¡B¦W¸`ºaÅA¡B¥Í¦º§ñÃöªº½Ä¬ð¡A¨º´N¤£¦A¬O¦p¦¹¥i¥H»´©ö¥´µoªº°ÝÃD¤F¡C
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Could I live
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µo¨¥¤H¡G ¼B¶®ªÚ/Yafang |
µoªí¤é´Á¡G10-24-01 16:38 |
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Re: Could I live
without ideology? |
µo¨¥¤H¡G¼B¬ö¿· |
µoªí¤é´Á¡G11-03-01 18:03 |
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Anderson¦b¡q·Q¹³ªº¦@¦PÅé¡r¤¤±N¥Á±Úµø¬°ªÀ·|¡B¤å¤Æ±ø¥óªº«Øºc¡A¨ä¤¤µLªk©¿²¤ªº¬O¾ú¥v¹Lµ{¤¤ªº¦h¼Ë©Ê¡A¦]¦¹¡A¥Á±Ú¥D¸qµ´«D¶È¦³¤@³æ¤@ªº±»ª¡C´NAnderson¦Ó¨¥¡A¥Á±Ú¨Ã«D¦å½t¡B¶Ç²Îµ¥¦ÛµM¦]¯À©Î¬O²ßºD¦]¯À³y´N¥Xªº¡A¥Á±Úªº·§©À¬O·Q¹³¦Ó¦¨¡AµM¦Ó¥ç«DµLºÉÁe½zªº¾É¦V¥¼¨Ó¡A»Ý±N¨ä»P°ê®a¾÷¾¹±±¨îµ¦²¤µ²¦X¨ÓÆ[¹î¡C¦]¦¹¡AY§Ú̯à²z¸Ñ°ê®a¾÷¾¹¦p¦ó¥HÅv¤O¾Þ§Ë¾ú¥v¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H»¡¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¥Á±Ú·NÃѬO©ó¾ú¥v¶iµ{¤¤¤å¤ÆÅQÅv¡}¤£ºÞ¬O°ê®a¾÷¾¹ªº©Î¤£¬O°ê®a¾÷¾¹ªº¡K¡~¤§¦A²{¦Ó¥X¡A¤ñ¤è»¡¥Á±Ú°ê®a¬O¦p¦ó¥Ñ¤W¦Ü¤U¡A²`¤JªÀ·|¶ì³y¨ä»{¥iªº¥Á±Ú¡C
§Ú»{¬°¬O¡u¦A²{¡v¡A³o¨ä¹ê¬O¹ïÀN¥¬´µ¨¹ªºì«¬¥Á±Ú¥D¸q(proto-nationalism)°µ¤@¦^ÅT¡C§Ú̪¾¹D쫬¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¤£¨£±o´N¬O¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¡A©ñ¦bAndersonªº¥Á±Ú¥D¸q½×z¬[ºc¤U¨Ó¬Ý¡A³o§Y¬OºØ¡u±¡·P¤Wªº¥¿·í©Ê¡v¡A©Î³\¥i¥H±N¨äµø°µ¥Á±Ú¥D¸q§@¬°¡u¤å¤Æ¤H³yª«¡v©Ò¥²µM±o´x´¤ªº¦]¯À¡C¥Ñ©óAnderson±j½Õ¾ú¥v¡BªÀ·|»P¤å¤Æªº±ø¥ó¡A¦]¦¹¡A³o¡u·Q¹³ªº¦@¦PÅé¡v¤º®e¹ê»Ú¤W¸Ó¬O¤£Â_§ó´À¦]®É¨î©yªº¡A¦b¨ä¹Lµ{¤¤¡A§Ṳ́]¤£¥F¨£¨ì·¥«×¸Ø±iªº§ÎºA¡AÄ´¦p¼w·N§Óªk¦è´µ¡C
¡q·sªº¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¡AÁÙ¬Oªº¡H¡r»P¡qÁÚ¦V·s°ê®a¡H¥Áºé«ÂÅv¥D¸qªº§Î¦¨»P¥Á¥D°ÝÃD¡r¨â½g¤å³¹°ò¥»¤W³£Ä~©Ó¤FAnderson¹ï©ó¥Á±Ú¥D¸qªº½×z¡C¤ñ¦p½Í¨ì¤F¥Á±Ú«Øºcªºpµe¡A³oÓªº«Øºcµ´«D¶TµMªº®º³y¡A§ó¤£¬O¦å½tµ¥¦ÛµM©Êªºªí²{¡A¦Ó¬O¤H¬°¹Á¸Õ®·®»©|¦b§Î¶ì¶¡ªº¤H¸s¯S½è¡A°µ¾ã²z¡B½×z¡A¨t²Î¤Æªº©T©w¥X¬YºØ¥Á±Ú§Î¶H¡A¦Ó³o§Î¶H¸g±`¬OÂǵ۱ƥLªº«ä¦Ò¦ÓP¡C»¯è©ó¦¹§å§P±iZ®Ûªº¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¬O»~¥Î·Q¹³¦@¦PÅé·§©À¡A¤]»~¸Ñ¥H¼»ªº³¡±Ú°¸¹³©Î¬OÒ\º¸·Fªº¹ÏÄ˱R«ô·Qªk¡A¥L¯¥¤õ¶©¶©§å±i¬°§Å¬r¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¡B«ôª«±Ð¡A¦]«áªÌ±N¥x¿W¹B°Ê°ÝÃDµo®i¬°©M¶°Åé¥Í¬¡¸gÅç¬ÛÃö¡BªÀ·|ªº¦Û§Ú±R«ô°ò¦¤§¥Á±Ú¥D¸q§e²{¡A¹ï»¯¦Ó¨¥¡A¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¸ò©v±Ð©Ê°g«ä²ª½¨S¤°»ò¨â¼Ë¡C
Anderson¦³´£¥X¹L¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¥i¯àªº²¾´Ó»P¼Ò¦¡¤Æ¡AµM¦Ó¡A°ÝÃD¨ì¤F¥xÆW´N¤£¬Û¦P¡A¤]·U½ÆÂø¤Æ¡C±N¥Á±Ú¥D¸q«ä¦Ò§@¬°°ê®a»{¦Pªº°ò¦¡A©Ò¤Þµoªº°ÝÃD¦b¨â½g½×¤å¤¤¤wµM´£¤Î³\¦h¡A©Î¬O²£¥Íª¼¥Øªº«ôª«±Ð«ä·Q¡A©Î¬O¥Áºé«ÂÅvªº«D¥Á¥D¡C·íµM¡A¨â½gªº·N¸q¦b²{¤µªº¾ú¥v®Ø¬[¤]³\±o«·s·r°u¡A¤×¨ä·í§ÚÌŪ¨ìµØ°Ç«ä©Z©Ò¨¥¨â©¤©Î¥i¯à¦b¤G¤Q¦~¤º²Î¤@¤§®É¡A¦ý³o¨â½g½×¤å¹ï¥Á±Ú¥D¸qªº°w¯¢ºÃ¼{¡A«o¤´¬O»Ýn¤£Â_«ä¦Òªº¡C¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¦b¥xÆW¡A¸g±`¬y©ó¯¶¤Æªº±Ú¸s°ÝÃD»P¬Fªv°«ª§¤u¨ã¡A¤°»ò®ÉÔ¥Á±Ú¥D¸q¥i¥H¯u¥¿¦b¨î«×¤W±a¤J³W½d¡H¤°»ò®ÉÔ¥þ¥Á°Ñ»Pªº¦æ°Ê¤£·|¬O½×¾ÂI«á§ë½Z³¡¶¤ªº¹B§@¡H |
Re:
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µo¨¥¤H¡G¼B¬ö¿· |
µoªí¤é´Á¡G11-03-01 18:11 |
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'Brutality smeared in peanut butter'
Why America must stop the war now. By Arundhati Roy
Arundhati Roy Guardian Unlimited
Tuesday October 23, 2001
As darkness deepened over Afghanistan on Sunday October 7 2001,
the US government, backed by the International Coalition Against
Terror (the new, amenable surrogate for the United Nations),
launched air strikes against Afghanistan. TV channels lingered on
computer-animated images of cruise missiles, stealth bombers,
tomahawks, "bunker-busting" missiles and Mark 82 high drag bombs.
All over the world, little boys watched goggle-eyed and stopped
clamouring for new video games.
The UN, reduced now to an ineffective acronym, wasn't even asked
to mandate the air strikes. (As Madeleine Albright once said, "We
will behave multilaterally when we can, and unilaterally when we
must.") The "evidence" against the terrorists was shared amongst
friends in the "coalition".
After conferring, they announced that it didn1t matter whether or
not the "evidence" would stand up in a court of law. Thus, in an
instant, were centuries of jurisprudence carelessly trashed.
Nothing can excuse or justify an act of terrorism, whether it is
committed by religious fundamentalists, private militia, people's
resistance movements - or whether it's dressed up as a war of
retribution by a recognised government. The bombing of Afghanistan
is not revenge for New York and Washington. It is yet another act of
terror against the people of the world.
Each innocent person that is killed must be added to, not set off
against, the grisly toll of civilians who died in New York and
Washington.
People rarely win wars, governments rarely lose them. People get
killed.
Governments moult and regroup, hydra-headed. They use flags first
to shrink-wrap people's minds and smother thought, and then as
ceremonial shrouds to bury their willing dead. On both sides, in
Afghanistan as well as America, civilians are now hostage to the
actions of their own governments.
Unknowingly, ordinary people in both countries share a common
bond - they have to live with the phenomenon of blind, unpredictable
terror. Each batch of bombs that is dropped on Afghanistan is
matched by a corresponding escalation of mass hysteria in America
about anthrax, more hijackings and other terrorist acts.
There is no easy way out of the spiralling morass of terror and
brutality that confronts the world today. It is time now for the
human race to hold still, to delve into its wells of collective
wisdom, both ancient and modern. What happened on September 11
changed the world forever.
Freedom, progress, wealth, technology, war - these words have
taken on new meaning.
Governments have to acknowledge this transformation, and approach
their new tasks with a modicum of honesty and humility.
Unfortunately, up to now, there has been no sign of any
introspection from the leaders of the International Coalition. Or
the Taliban.
When he announced the air strikes, President George Bush said:
"We're a peaceful nation." America1s favourite ambassador, Tony
Blair, (who also holds the portfolio of prime minister of the UK),
echoed him: "We're a peaceful people."
So now we know. Pigs are horses. Girls are boys. War is peace.
Speaking at the FBI headquarters a few days later, President Bush
said: "This is our calling. This is the calling of the United States
of America. The most free nation in the world. A nation built on
fundamental values that reject hate, reject violence, rejects
murderers and rejects evil. We will not tire."
Here is a list of the countries that America has been at war with
- and bombed - since the second world war: China (1945-46, 1950-53),
Korea (1950-53), Guatemala (1954, 1967-69), Indonesia (1958), Cuba
(1959-60), the Belgian Congo (1964), Peru (1965), Laos (1964-73),
Vietnam (1961-73), Cambodia (1969-70), Grenada (1983), Libya (1986),
El Salvador (1980s), Nicaragua (1980s), Panama (1989), Iraq
(1991-99), Bosnia (1995), Sudan (1998), Yugoslavia (1999). And now
Afghanistan.
Certainly it does not tire - this, the most free nation in the
world.
What freedoms does it uphold? Within its borders, the freedoms of
speech, religion, thought; of artistic expression, food habits,
sexual preferences (well, to some extent) and many other exemplary,
wonderful things.
Outside its borders, the freedom to dominate, humiliate and
subjugate - usually in the service of America1s real religion, the
"free market". So when the US government christens a war "Operation
Infinite Justice", or "Operation Enduring Freedom", we in the third
world feel more than a tremor of fear.
Because we know that Infinite Justice for some means Infinite
Injustice for others. And Enduring Freedom for some means Enduring
Subjugation for others.
The International Coalition Against Terror is a largely cabal of
the richest countries in the world. Between them, they manufacture
and sell almost all of the world's weapons, they possess the largest
stockpile of weapons of mass destruction - chemical, biological and
nuclear. They have fought the most wars, account for most of the
genocide, subjection, ethnic cleansing and human rights violations
in modern history, and have sponsored, armed and financed untold
numbers of dictators and despots. Between them, they have
worshipped, almost deified, the cult of violence and war. For all
its appalling sins, the Taliban just isn't in the same league.
The Taliban was compounded in the crumbling crucible of rubble,
heroin and landmines in the backwash of the cold war. Its oldest
leaders are in their early 40s. Many of them are disfigured and
handicapped, missing an eye, an arm or a leg. They grew up in a
society scarred and devastated by war.
Between the Soviet Union and America, over 20 years, about $45bn
(¢G30bn) worth of arms and ammunition was poured into Afghanistan.
The latest weaponry was the only shard of modernity to intrude upon
a thoroughly medieval society.
Young boys - many of them orphans - who grew up in those times,
had guns for toys, never knew the security and comfort of family
life, never experienced the company of women. Now, as adults and
rulers, the Taliban beat, stone, rape and brutalise women, they
don't seem to know what else to do with them.
Years of war has stripped them of gentleness, inured them to
kindness and human compassion. Now they've turned their monstrosity
on their own people.
They dance to the percussive rhythms of bombs raining down around
them.
With all due respect to President Bush, the people of the world
do not have to choose between the Taliban and the US government. All
the beauty of human civilisation - our art, our music, our
literature - lies beyond these two fundamentalist, ideological
poles. There is as little chance that the people of the world can
all become middle-class consumers as there is that they will all
embrace any one particular religion. The issue is not about good v
evil or Islam v Christianity as much as it is about space. About how
to accommodate diversity, how to contain the impulse towards
hegemony - every kind of hegemony, economic, military, linguistic,
religious and cultural.
Any ecologist will tell you how dangerous and fragile a
monoculture is. A hegemonic world is like having a government
without a healthy opposition. It becomes a kind of dictatorship.
It1s like putting a plastic bag over the world, and preventing it
from breathing. Eventually, it will be torn open.
One and a half million Afghan people lost their lives in the 20
years of conflict that preceded this new war. Afghanistan was
reduced to rubble, and now, the rubble is being pounded into finer
dust. By the second day of the air strikes, US pilots were returning
to their bases without dropping their assigned payload of bombs. As
one pilot put it, Afghanistan is "not a target-rich environment". At
a press briefing at the Pentagon, Donald Rumsfeld, the US defence
secretary, was asked if America had run out of targets.
"First we're going to re-hit targets," he said, "and second,
we're not running out of targets, Afghanistan is ..." This was
greeted with gales of laughter in the briefing room.
By the third day of the strikes, the US defence department
boasted that it had "achieved air supremacy over Afghanistan" (Did
they mean that they had destroyed both, or maybe all 16, of
Afghanistan's planes?)
On the ground in Afghanistan, the Northern Alliance - the
Taliban's old enemy, and therefore the international coalition's
newest friend - is making headway in its push to capture Kabul. (For
the archives, let it be said that the Northern Alliance's track
record is not very different from the Taliban's. But for now,
because it's inconvenient, that little detail is being glossed
over.) The visible, moderate, "acceptable" leader of the alliance,
Ahmed Shah Masud, was killed in a suicide-bomb attack early in
September. The rest of the Northern Alliance is a brittle
confederation of brutal warlords, ex-communists and unbending
clerics. It is a disparate group divided along ethnic lines, some of
whom have tasted power in Afghanistan in the past.
Until the US air strikes, the Northern Alliance controlled about
5% of the geographical area of Afghanistan. Now, with the
coalition's help and "air cover", it is poised to topple the
Taliban. Meanwhile, Taliban soldiers, sensing imminent defeat, have
begun to defect to the alliance. So the fighting forces are busy
switching sides and changing uniforms. But in an enterprise as
cynical as this one, it seems to matter hardly at all.
Love is hate, north is south, peace is war.
Among the global powers, there is talk of "putting in a
representative government". Or, on the other hand, of "restoring"
the kingdom to Afghanistan's 89-year old former king Zahir Shah, who
has lived in exile in Rome since 1973. That's the way the game goes
- support Saddam Hussein, then "take him out"; finance the
mojahedin, then bomb them to smithereens; put in Zahir Shah and see
if he's going to be a good boy. (Is it possible to "put in" a
representative government? Can you place an order for democracy -
with extra cheese and jalapeno peppers?)
Reports have begun to trickle in about civilian casualties, about
cities emptying out as Afghan civilians flock to the borders which
have been closed. Main arterial roads have been blown up or sealed
off. Those who have experience of working in Afghanistan say that by
early November, food convoys will not be able to reach the millions
of Afghans (7.5m, according to the UN) who run the very real risk of
starving to death during the course of this winter. They say that in
the days that are left before winter sets in, there can either be a
war, or an attempt to reach food to the hungry. Not both.
As a gesture of humanitarian support, the US government
air-dropped 37,000 packets of emergency rations into Afghanistan. It
says it plans to drop a total of 500,000 packets. That will still
only add up to a single meal for half a million people out of the
several million in dire need of food.
Aid workers have condemned it as a cynical, dangerous,
public-relations exercise. They say that air-dropping food packets
is worse than futile.
First, because the food will never get to those who really need
it. More dangerously, those who run out to retrieve the packets risk
being blown up by landmines. A tragic alms race.
Nevertheless, the food packets had a photo-op all to themselves.
Their contents were listed in major newspapers. They were
vegetarian, we're told, as per Muslim dietary law (!) Each yellow
packet, decorated with the American flag, contained: rice, peanut
butter, bean salad, strawberry jam, crackers, raisins, flat bread,
an apple fruit bar, seasoning, matches, a set of plastic cutlery, a
serviette and illustrated user instructions.
After three years of unremitting drought, an air-dropped airline
meal in Jalalabad! The level of cultural ineptitude, the failure to
understand what months of relentless hunger and grinding poverty
really mean, the US government1s attempt to use even this abject
misery to boost its self-image, beggars description.
Reverse the scenario for a moment. Imagine if the Taliban
government was to bomb New York City, saying all the while that its
real target was the US government and its policies. And suppose,
during breaks between the bombing, the Taliban dropped a few
thousand packets containing nan and kebabs impaled on an Afghan
flag. Would the good people of New York ever find it in themselves
to forgive the Afghan government? Even if they were hungry, even if
they needed the food, even if they ate it, how would they ever
forget the insult, the condescension? Rudi Guiliani, Mayor of New
York City, returned a gift of $10m from a Saudi prince because it
came with a few words of friendly advice about American policy in
the Middle East. Is pride a luxury that only the rich are entitled
to?
Far from stamping it out, igniting this kind of rage is what
creates terrorism. Hate and retribution don't go back into the box
once you've let them out. For every "terrorist" or his "supporter"
that is killed, hundreds of innocent people are being killed too.
And for every hundred innocent people killed, there is a good chance
that several future terrorists will be created.
Where will it all lead?
Setting aside the rhetoric for a moment, consider the fact that
the world has not yet found an acceptable definition of what
"terrorism" is. One country's terrorist is too often another1s
freedom fighter. At the heart of the matter lies the world's
deep-seated ambivalence towards violence.
Once violence is accepted as a legitimate political instrument,
then the morality and political acceptability of terrorists
(insurgents or freedom fighters) becomes contentious, bumpy terrain.
The US government itself has funded, armed and sheltered plenty of
rebels and insurgents around the world.
The CIA and Pakistan's ISI trained and armed the mojahedin who,
in the 80s, were seen as terrorists by the government in
Soviet-occupied Afghanistan. Today, Pakistan - America's ally in
this new war - sponsors insurgents who cross the border into Kashmir
in India. Pakistan lauds them as "freedom-fighters", India calls
them "terrorists". India, for its part, denounces countries who
sponsor and abet terrorism, but the Indian army has, in the past,
trained separatist Tamil rebels asking for a homeland in Sri Lanka -
the LTTE, responsible for countless acts of bloody terrorism.
(Just as the CIA abandoned the mujahideen after they had served
its purpose, India abruptly turned its back on the LTTE for a host
of political reasons. It was an enraged LTTE suicide bomber who
assassinated former Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1989.)
It is important for governments and politicians to understand
that manipulating these huge, raging human feelings for their own
narrow purposes may yield instant results, but eventually and
inexorably, they have disastrous consequences. Igniting and
exploiting religious sentiments for reasons of political expediency
is the most dangerous legacy that governments or politicians can
bequeath to any people - including their own.
People who live in societies ravaged by religious or communal
bigotry know that every religious text - from the Bible to the
Bhagwad Gita - can be mined and misinterpreted to justify anything,
from nuclear war to genocide to corporate globalisation.
This is not to suggest that the terrorists who perpetrated the
outrage on September 11 should not be hunted down and brought to
book. They must be.
But is war the best way to track them down? Will burning the
haystack find you the needle? Or will it escalate the anger and make
the world a living hell for all of us?
At the end of the day, how many people can you spy on, how many
bank accounts can you freeze, how many conversations can you
eavesdrop on, how many emails can you intercept, how many letters
can you open, how many phones can you tap? Even before September 11,
the CIA had accumulated more information than is humanly possible to
process. (Sometimes, too much data can actually hinder intelligence
- small wonder the US spy satellites completely missed the
preparation that preceded India's nuclear tests in 1998.)
The sheer scale of the surveillance will become a logistical,
ethical and civil rights nightmare. It will drive everybody clean
crazy. And freedom - that precious, precious thing - will be the
first casualty. It's already hurt and haemorrhaging dangerously.
Governments across the world are cynically using the prevailing
paranoia to promote their own interests. All kinds of unpredictable
political forces are being unleashed. In India, for instance,
members of the All India People's Resistance Forum, who were
distributing anti-war and anti-US pamphlets in Delhi, have been
jailed. Even the printer of the leaflets was arrested.
The rightwing government (while it shelters Hindu extremists
groups such as the Vishwa Hindu Parishad and the Bajrang Dal) has
banned the Islamic Students Movement of India and is trying to
revive an anti- terrorist Act which had been withdrawn after the
Human Rights Commission reported that it had been more abused than
used. Millions of Indian citizens are Muslim. Can anything be gained
by alienating them?
Every day that the war goes on, raging emotions are being let
loose into the world. The international press has little or no
independent access to the war zone. In any case, mainstream media,
particularly in the US, have more or less rolled over, allowing
themselves to be tickled on the stomach with press handouts from
military men and government officials. Afghan radio stations have
been destroyed by the bombing. The Taliban has always been deeply
suspicious of the press. In the propaganda war, there is no accurate
estimate of how many people have been killed, or how much
destruction has taken place. In the absence of reliable information,
wild rumours spread.
Put your ear to the ground in this part of the world, and you can
hear the thrumming, the deadly drumbeat of burgeoning anger. Please.
Please, stop the war now. Enough people have died. The smart
missiles are just not smart enough. They're blowing up whole
warehouses of suppressed fury.
President George Bush recently boasted, "When I take action, I'm
not going to fire a $2m missile at a $10 empty tent and hit a camel
in the butt. It's going to be decisive." President Bush should know
that there are no targets in Afghanistan that will give his missiles
their money's worth.
Perhaps, if only to balance his books, he should develop some
cheaper missiles to use on cheaper targets and cheaper lives in the
poor countries of the world. But then, that may not make good
business sense to the coalition1s weapons manufacturers. It wouldn't
make any sense at all, for example, to the Carlyle Group - described
by the Industry Standard as "the world's largest private equity
firm", with $13bn under management.
Carlyle invests in the defence sector and makes its money from
military conflicts and weapons spending.
Carlyle is run by men with impeccable credentials. Former US
defence secretary Frank Carlucci is Carlyle's chairman and managing
director (he was a college roommate of Donald Rumsfeld's). Carlyle's
other partners include former US secretary of state James A Baker
III, George Soros and Fred Malek (George Bush Sr's campaign
manager). An American paper - the Baltimore Chronicle and Sentinel -
says that former president George Bush Sr is reported to be seeking
investments for the Carlyle Group from Asian markets.
He is reportedly paid not inconsiderable sums of money to make
"presentations" to potential government-clients.
Ho hum. As the tired saying goes, it's all in the family.
Then there's that other branch of traditional family business -
oil. Remember, President George Bush (Jr) and Vice-President Dick
Cheney both made their fortunes working in the US oil industry.
Turkmenistan, which borders the north-west of Afghanistan, holds
the world's third largest gas reserves and an estimated six billion
barrels of oil reserves. Enough, experts say, to meet American
energy needs for the next 30 years (or a developing country's energy
requirements for a couple of centuries.) America has always viewed
oil as a security consideration, and protected it by any means it
deems necessary. Few of us doubt that its military presence in the
Gulf has little to do with its concern for human rights and almost
entirely to do with its strategic interest in oil.
Oil and gas from the Caspian region currently moves northward to
European markets. Geographically and politically, Iran and Russia
are major impediments to American interests. In 1998, Dick Cheney -
then CEO of Halliburton, a major player in the oil industry - said,
"I can't think of a time when we've had a region emerge as suddenly
to become as strategically significant as the Caspian. It's almost
as if the opportunities have arisen overnight." True enough.
For some years now, an American oil giant called Unocal has been
negotiating with the Taliban for permission to construct an oil
pipeline through Afghanistan to Pakistan and out to the Arabian sea.
From here, Unocal hopes to access the lucrative "emerging markets"
in south and south-east Asia. In December 1997, a delegation of
Taliban mullahs travelled to America and even met US state
department officials and Unocal executives in Houston. At that time
the Taliban's taste for public executions and its treatment of
Afghan women were not made out to be the crimes against humanity
that they are now.
Over the next six months, pressure from hundreds of outraged
American feminist groups was brought to bear on the Clinton
administration.
Fortunately, they managed to scuttle the deal. And now comes the
US oil industry's big chance.
In America, the arms industry, the oil industry, the major media
networks, and, indeed, US foreign policy, are all controlled by the
same business combines. Therefore, it would be foolish to expect
this talk of guns and oil and defence deals to get any real play in
the media. In any case, to a distraught, confused people whose pride
has just been wounded, whose loved ones have been tragically killed,
whose anger is fresh and sharp, the inanities about the "clash of
civilisations" and the "good v evil" discourse home in unerringly.
They are cynically doled out by government spokesmen like a daily
dose of vitamins or anti-depressants. Regular medication ensures
that mainland America continues to remain the enigma it has always
been - a curiously insular people, administered by a pathologically
meddlesome, promiscuous government.
And what of the rest of us, the numb recipients of this onslaught
of what we know to be preposterous propaganda? The daily consumers
of the lies and brutality smeared in peanut butter and strawberry
jam being air-dropped into our minds just like those yellow food
packets. Shall we look away and eat because we're hungry, or shall
we stare unblinking at the grim theatre unfolding in Afghanistan
until we retch collectively and say, in one voice, that we have had
enough?
As the first year of the new millennium rushes to a close, one
wonders - have we forfeited our right to dream? Will we ever be able
to re-imagine beauty?
Will it be possible ever again to watch the slow, amazed blink of
a newborn gecko in the sun, or whisper back to the marmot who has
just whispered in your ear - without thinking of the World Trade
Centre and Afghanistan?
c Arundhati Roy |
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Fanon:
Spontaneity: Its Strength and Weakness |
µo¨¥¤H¡G¿àíõµ®/Marian |
µoªí¤é´Á¡G11-28-01 21:39 |
½Òµ{¦WºÙ¡G¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s·§½× ±Â½Ò±Ð±Â¡G¼B¬ö¿·¦Ñ®v ¾Ç¥Í¡G¿àíõµ® 8945502 ¤é´Á¡G¤E¤Q¦~¤Q¤@¤ë¤Q¤E¸¹
Spontaneity: Its Strength and Weakness Key words: (1)
Spontaneity: ¦Ûµo©Ê¡C Spontaneous (adj.): ¦Ûµoªº¡A«D¥X©ó±j¨îªº¡C (2)
Lumpenproletariat: ¯Ê¥F¶¥¯Å·NÃѪºµL²£¶¥¯Å¥÷¤l¡A¦p¹A¥Á¡C
Fanon ªº¥Í¥¡G (1)¥X¥Í©ó1925¦~6¤ë25¤é¡A¬O®a¸Ìªº²Ä¤Ó¤p«Ä¡C (2)¨D¾Ç®É»{ÃѤF¤@¦ì¦W®vAime
Cesaire¡A¤]¨M©w¤F¦Û¤v¤@¥Íªº¥Ø¼Ð¡C (3)¦b¨½©ù¨D¾Ç¡A¨M©wn·í¤@¦ìpsychiatrist¡C (4)1953¦~°Ñ¥[ªüº¸¤Î§Q¨È¿W¥ß¾Ôª§¡A°£¤F§êºtx¤Hªº¨¤¦â²Õ´¥Á²³¡A§óµo´§¥»¨Âå¾Çªº±Mªø¡A¦¨¬°ªk°êÀYµhªº¨¤¦â¡Cªk¹A©ó1961¦~¹L¥@¡C (5)µÛ§@¦³¡GBlack
Skin, White Masks, A Dying Colonialism or Year Five of the Algerian
Revolution, Toward the African Revolution, and The Wretched of the
Earth.
I. Traditional Gap between the leaders and the masses: A. In
every political or trade-union organization there is a traditional
gap between the rank-and-file (Fanon 4). It also happened in the
political strategy of nationalist parties in the colonized
countries, yet we know that innovations and adaptations ought to
have been made (4-5).
B. Distrust of nationalist parties toward the people of rural
areas: 1. Young nationalist middle class V.S feudal lords (5-6,
6-7). 2. Rural masses are under double exploitation: colonialism
and capitalism.
C. In conclusion, the nationalist parties copy their methods from
those of the Western political parties; and so, for the most part,
that they do not direct their propaganda toward the rural masses
(6).
D. National parties try to destroy living tradition in the
colonial framework, yet do not go out to find the mass of the people
(7). However, country people play an important role in national
struggle.
E. The reaction of the nationalist parties: content themselves
with leaving the spontaneous action of the country people (7-9), but
they do not educate country people nor support political help.
Why? 1. They mistrust these country people (9). 2. They do not
want to explain their aims and problems to these country
people. 3. The dictatorship is needed in underdeveloped
country.
II. Similarities between colonialism and nationalism: A. The
party which takes over the reins from the colonialists tries to
disband its competitor and to condemn it to illegality (10). The
persecuted one has to use religious feeling, innovations made by the
new government which break from tradition to revolute. It is
retrograde, emotional, and spontaneous nature (10).
B. Another progressive element: trade unions: 1. Trade unions
try to form a national union, but in fail because they do not know
how to do it, and they still isolate the mass of rural area. 2.
Conflict between trade union and middle class (12) 3. Since at no
time have they taken care to establish working links between
themselves and the mass of the peasants, and since this peansantry
precisely constitutes the only spontaneously revolutionary force of
the country, the trde unions will give proof of their inefficiency
and find out for themselves the anachronistic nature of their
problems (12).
C. Nationalist parties¡¦ will to break colonialism is linked with
another quite different will: that of coming to a friendly agreement
with it (12). 1. Ignore the intellectuals¡¦ question and
revolutionary minority (13). 2. The main leaders were marked out
for police repression under the colonialists (13). 3. These
illegalists will get in touch with the intellectual elements a few
years back.
III. Illegalists¡¦ recognition toward the strength of the peasant
people A. They hear the true voice of the country and their eyes
take in the great an infinite poverty of their people. They realize
the precious time has been wasted in useless commentaries upon the
colonial regime ¡K.They discover a people that is generous, ready to
sacrifice themselves completely (14). Now it is the parties¡¦ turn to
be isolated.
B. Military and political education to peasant people.
C. The lumpenproletariat uprooted from their tribe and from their
clan, continues one of the most spontaneous and the most radically
revolutionary forces of a colonized people.
D. Differences between the leaders of the peasants and
nationalist parties: 1. Leaders: they are denied by nationalist
parties, and wanted by colonialist police. Yet they have a chance to
listen to the peasants¡¦ voice and organize them. 2. National
parties: they spend their time in ceaseless lamentation over the
misdeeds of colonialism (15).
IV. The lumpenproletariat: A. Juvenile delinquency: the
problem of colonial society.
B. Resettlement camps.
C. This lumpenproletariat is like a horde of rats (15).
V. Fight against colonialist: A. The leaders of the rising who
see and ardent and enthusiastic people striking decisive blows at
the colonialist machine are strengthened in their mistrust of
traditional policy.
B. The plans for liberation are sketched out. During this period
spontaneity is king, and initiative is localized. We find a national
authority (16).
C. The national unity is first the unity of a group, the
disappearance of old quarrels and the final liquidation of unspoken
grievances (17).
D. Colonial forces fight back: 1. The forces of the rising
lose serious, and these leaders have to adopt another method:
guerrilla techniques (18).
E: Education and central authority are needed because they can
intensify the struggle (18).
VI. The strategy of colonial force: A. Traditional
collaborators (19).
B. Ideological weakness: using the peasants¡¦ physiological
wretchedness, humiliation (19).
C. Exemplary floggings and money (20).
D. While the native thought that he could pass without transition
from the status of a colonized person to that of a self-governing
citizen of an independent nation, he made no real progress along the
road to knowledge. His consciousness remains rudimentary (20).
E. Reasons to fight: 1. Hatred, racial feeling: racialism and
hatred and resentment cannot sustain a war of liberation (20).
F. Colonialist use miserable methods, this eyewash administered
drop by drop, even meet with some success. The native is going to
disarm. To leaders they have to explain to them (21). It must be
clearly explained to the rebel that he must on no account be
blindfolded by the enemy¡¦s concessions.
VII. The birth of a nation: A. Framework: an organization.
Inside: structure of a people (22).
B. The political educator ought to lead them to modify this
attitude by getting them to understand that certain fractions of the
population have particular interests and that these do not always
coincide with the national interest (23). People will not be
discriminated.
C. Respect to settlers: 1. Treason. 2. Some settlers do not
join in the general guilty hysteria.
D. Revolution needs consciousness. 1. The task of bringing the
people to maturity will be made easier by the thoroughness of the
organization and by the high intellectual level of its leaders (24).
2. These politics are the politics of leaders and organizers
living inside history who take the lead with their brains and their
muscles in the fight for freedom. These politics are national,
revolutionary, and social and these new facts which the native will
now come to know exist only in action. Violence alone, violence
committed by the people, violence organized and educated by its
leaders, makes it possible for the masses to understand social truth
and gives the key to them (24-25).
§Ú·Q¦A¸É¥R¤@¨Ç§Ú¹ïFanon Black Skin, White Mask³o¥»®Ñªº¤@¨Ç·Qªk¡C
Fanon¦b³o¥»®Ñ¤¤¡A´£¥X¶Â¤H¨¥÷»{¦P(Identity)«¬¶ìªº¹Lµ{¡C¥Ñ©ó¥Õ¤H©ÒÄé¿éªºÆ[©À¬O¡G¶Â¤H´N¬O°Êª«¡A¶Â¤H´N¬O³¥ÆZªº¡F¦Ó¥Õ¤H´NÄÝ©ó¤å©ú¡A¦Ó¥Õ¤H´N¦³¸q°È¥h±Ð¾É¶Â¤H¡A§ó¶i¤@¨B¶i¦æ´Þ¥Á±Ð¤Æªº¤u§@¡C¤]¦]¦¹¡A¶Â¤H¨ü¨ì¦¹·NÃÑ«¬ºAªº¼vÅT¡A¶i¦Ó»{¦P¥Õ¤HªºÆ[ÂI¡A¤]¶}©lª[µø¸G¤Æ¦Û¤v¡C¶Â¤H³Q±Ð¾ÉµÛ¥h¼¤±æ¥Õ¤Hªº¦Ù½§¥H¤Î¤å©ú¡A¤]³Q¢¥h©Ó»{¦Û¤vªº¥Ö½§ÃC¦â¬O¨¸´cªº¶H¼x¡Cªk¹A»¡¡A"
It is indeed ugly....At the same time I accomplished two things: I
identifited my enemies and I made a scene. A grand slam."
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µoªí¤é´Á¡G12-03-01 13:08 |
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would always be better off where I am not, and this question of
moving is one of those I discuss incessantly with my soul.
-Charles Baudelaire1
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Feng,
Pin-chia. En-Gendering Chinese Americans: Reading Chinese American
Women's Fiction. Taipei: Bookman Books, 2001. Trinh, Minh-ha T.
Woman, Native, Other. Bloomington¡®Indianapolis: Indiana UP,
1989. Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia. Reading Asian American Literature:
from Necessity to Extravagance. New Jersey: Princeton UP,
1993. Baudelaire, Charles. Paris Spleen. New York: New
Directions, trans. Louise Varese, 1970.
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Fiction¡^¡A¶56¡C 11.¨£¬q¸q§·µÛ¡A¼ï®Û¦¨Ä¶¡A¡m¸gÅç³zµø¤¤ªºªÅ¶¡©M¦a¤è¡n¡A¥x¥_¡G°ê¥ß½sĶÀ]¡A1999¡A¶79¡C 12.¦P¤Wµù¡A¶81¡C 13.¦w¼w´Ë»{¬°¤H¤f½Õ¬d¡B¦a¹Ï»P³Õª«À]§@¬°¤TºØÅܤƪºÅv¤O¨î«×¡A¼vÅTµÛ´Þ¥Á¥D¦p¦ó·Q¹³¨ä´Þ¥Á¦a¡A¦Ó¦a¹Ï¡u¦]¨ä¥ß§Y¥i¥H¿ë»{»PÀH³B¥i¨£ªº¯S½è¡v¡A¤£¶È¥i§@¬°ÃѧO¼Ð»x¡A¥B¡u²`²`¦a¬ï³z¨ì¸s²³ªº·Q¹³¤§¤¤¡v¡C 14.±ç¤@µÓ¡A¡q¤k©Ê/¦a¹Ï/«Ò°ê¡r¡A¦¬¿ý©ó¡m¥LªÌ¤§°ì¡G¤å¤Æ¨¤À»P¦A²{µ¦²¤¡n¡A¼B¬ö¿·½s¡A¥x¥_¡G³Á¥Ð¡A2001¡A¶351¡C 15.¦P¤Wµù¡A¶364¡C 16.¥X¦Û¶À¤Ö¬Â¡A¡q¨È¬ü²¾°Ê¬Fªv¡r¡A¬°¡m¸ÑŪ¨È¬ü¤å¾Ç¡n¡]Reading
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Richard M. ¤ý¨ÈºûĶ¡m¬ö¿ý»P¯u¹ê¡G¥@¬É«D¼@±¡¤ù§åµû¥v¡n²Ä¥|³¹pp.111-123¡C
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©Ò¥Hª÷³Í¼w´N¬O¤@ºØÃä½t¤SÂZ¶Ãªº«ººA¡A¥ø¹Ï´£¥X¥t¥~ªºÁnµ¡A¬D¾Ô¦è¤è´Þ¥Á¥D¤Î¨ä·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡A¹F¦¨¦h¤¸²§Án¡B²³Án³Ù¼Mªº¯É¶Ã§½±¡C¡u¦b«Øºc»{¦P©M·N¸qªº¬Fªv¤¤¡A»y¨¥§@¬°Â½Ä¶¡A¡i¡K¡j¬O¤@Ó¥²¶·ªº¹Lµ{¡F¦b¨ä¤¤¡A¦Û§Ú¥¢¥h©TµÛªºÃä¬É-¥H¤@ºØÂZ¶Ã«o¤S¼ç¤OµL½aªº«ººA¡A¶i¦æ®t²§ªº½áÅv¹ê½î¡v¡C
29
°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø ¤¤¤å¡G ¦Ì·²¡E³Å¬_¡C¡mª¾ÃѪº¦Ò±¸¡n¡C¤ý¼w«Â
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Ķ¡C¥x¥_¥«¡G®Û«a¡A¥Á81¦~¡C ¶À²Q¼_¡C¡m¤k©Ê®Ñ¼g¡G¹q¼v»P¤å¾Ç¡n¡C»´ä¡G«C¤å®Ñ§½¡A1997¡C
^¤å¡G Bhabha, Homi K. "Dissemination: Time, Narrative and the
Margins of the Modern Nation" and "Postcolonial to Postmodern: A
Question of Agency". The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge,
1994. Cartelli, Thomas. "Prospero in Africa: The Tempest as
Colonialist Text and Pretext". Shakespeare Reproduced-the Text in
History and Ideology. Jean E. Howard & Marion F. O'Connor, Ed.
New York and London: Routledge, 1987. Cultural Studies. Vol. 7,
No. 3 (1993). Routledge. Fiske, John. "Cultural Studies and the
Culture of Everyday Life". Cultural Studies, 151-164. Grossberg,
Lawrence., Nelson, Cary., & Treichler Paula. eds. Cultural
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Lucy. New York: Penguin, 1991. Taylor, Charles. Philosophy and
the Human Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985. Trinh T.
Minh-Ha. Framer Framed. New York: Routledge, 1992.
µù¸Ñ¡G
1.¤ý¼w«Â¡C¡q¾ÉŪ¤@¡G²L½×³Å¬_¡r¡A¡mª¾ÃѪº¦Ò±¸¡n¡C¶ 20¡C 2.¦Pµù¸Ñ¤@¡C¶
30¡C 3.¦pÅS¦è¥i¥H¦b¬YÓ¶°·|¤WI»w«Â·G¡EµØ´þµØ´µ¡]William Wordsworth¡^ªº¸Öºq¡G "I Wandered
Lonely As A Cloud"¡A§Y¥i¨£´Þ¥Á¥D¬O³B¤ß¿n¼{¦an´Þ¥Á¦a¤H¥Á©~¨ü^°êªº±Ð¨|¡C 4.¦Pµù¸Ñ¤@¡C¶
31¡C 5.Cartelli, Thomas. "Prospero in Africa: The Tempest as
Colonialist Text and Pretext". Shakespeare Reproduced-the Text in
History and Ideology. Jean E. Howard & Marion F. O'Connor, Ed.
New York and London: Routledge, 1987. ¶
101¡C 6.³Å¬_¦b¡m³W°V»PÃg»@¡n¤¤ªºµù¸Ñ¦³´£¨ì¡G¡u¥»®Ñ±N¥Îx¨Æ¡BÂåÀø¡B±Ð¨|»P¤u·~¾÷ºc¤è±ªº¨Ò¤l¥[¥H¤ÀªR¡A¥»¨ÓÁÙ¥i¥H±q´Þ¥Á¬¡°Ê¡B¥£Áõ¨î«×»P¨àµ£±Ð¨|¤è±¿ï¨ú¨ÒÃÒ¡v¡C¥i¨£´Þ¥Á¬¡°Ê¥»¨¤]¦³±N³W°V¤º¤Æ©ó´Þ¥Á¦a¤H¥Á¡AÅý¥L̲ߺD±µ¨ü¥À°êªº«ä·Q»P¨å½d¡Cµe½u³B¬°µ§ªÌ©Ò¥[¡C¶
168¡C 7.¦Ì·²¡E³Å¬_¡C¡m³W°V»PÃg»@¡GºÊº»ªº½Ï¥Í¡n¡C¼B¥_¦¨¡B·¨»·À¦ Ķ¡C¥x¥_¥«¡G®Û«a¡C¥Á81¦~¡C¶
137¡C 8.¦Pµù¤C¡C¶ 137¡C 9.¾G©úªe¡C¡q¬°¤°»ò¬O¤@Ó³½¦À¡H¡r¡A¡m¼vªÌ³Q¼v¡n¡C Routledge: New
York & London, 1992. ¶
169-170¡C 10.¶À²Q¼_¡C¡m¤k©Ê®Ñ¼g¡G¹q¼v»P¤å¾Ç¡n¡C»´ä¡G«C¤å®Ñ§½¡C1997¡C¶ 8¡C 11.¦Pµù¤Q¡C¶
109¡C 12.¦Pµù¤Q¡C¶10¡C 13.¦Pµù¤¡A¶101¡C 14.Bhabha, Homi K.
"Postcolonial to Postmodern: A Question of Agency". The Location of
Culture. London & New York: Routledge, 1994. ¶ 177¡C 15.Ibid.,
¶ 151¡C 16.¦Pµù¤@¡C¶ 30¡C 17.¦Pµù¤E¡C¡q²z½×»P¸Ö¡r¡A¶ 154¡C 18.¦Pµù¤Q¡C¶
3¡C 19.¦Pµù¤Q¡C¶ 37¡C 20.¦Pµù¤E¡C¶
170¡C±×Å鬰§@ªÌ©Ò¥[¡C 21.ù«äº¿²ú¡EÊc®¦¡C¡m¤k©Ê¥D¸q«ä¼é¡n¡C¤NßNµØ Ķ¡C¥x¥_¥«¡G®É³ø¤å¤Æ¡A¥Á85¦~¡C¶
398¡C 22.Bhabha, Bhabha, Homi K. "Dissemination: Time, Narrative
and the Margins of the Modern Nation". The Location of Culture. New
York: Routledge, 1994. ¶ 158¡C 23.Fiske, John. "Cultural Studies
and the Culture of Everyday Life". Cultural Studies, 151-164. ¶
158¡C 24.¦Pµù¤E¡C¡q²z½×»P¸Ö¡r¡A¶ 154¡C 25.ÅS¦è¦h¦¸¦b¥Ø¸@º¿²ú¨Èªº¦æ¬°«á¡A»¡¡G¡u«ç»ò·|¦³¤H³o¼Ë¡H¡v¡C¶
18¡A26¡C 26.¦Pµù¤Q¥|¡C ¶ 173¡C 27.¦Pµù¤Q¥|¡C ¶ 174¡C 28.¦Pµù¤Q¥|¡C ¶
179¡C 29.¦Pµù¤E¡C¡q¼v¤ù§@¬°Â½Ä¶¤è¦¡¡r¡A¶ 133¡C
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